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Jul-2021

Read the text and answer the multiple-choice question by selecting the correct response. Only one response is correct.

Evolution of Spiders

One of the questions of interest in the study of the evolution of spiders is whether the weaving of orb webs evolved only once or several times. About half the 35,000 known kinds of spiders make webs; a third of the web weavers make orb webs. Since most orb weavers belong either to the Araneidae or the Uloboridae families, the origin of the orb web can be determined only by ascertaining whether the families are related. Recent taxonomic analysis of individuals from both families indicates that the families evolved from different ancestors, thereby contradicting Wiehle's theory. This theory postulates that the families must be related, based on the assumption that complex behavior, such as web building, could evolve only once. According to Kullman, web structure is the only characteristic that suggests a relationship between families. The families differ in appearance, structure of body hair, and arrangement of eyes. Only Uloborids lack venom glands. Further identification and study of characteristic features will undoubtedly answer the question of the evolution of the orb web.

It can be inferred from the passage that all orb-weaving spiders belong to types of spiders that

a) lack venom glandsb) are included either in the Uloboridae or Araneidae familiesc) share few characteristic features with other spider typesd) comprise less than a third of all known types of spiders

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